What is the…
Kingdom of Babylon

also known as: Babylonia and “the land of the Chaldeans”

This kingdom was called “the land of the Chaldeans” (Jeremiah 24:5; Ezek, 12:13) and was an extensive province in Central Asia along the valley of the Tigris from the Persian Gulf northward for some 300 miles.

It was famed for its fertility and its riches. Its capital was the city of Babylon, a great commercial center (Ezek. 17:4; Isaiah 43:14).

The salt-marshes at the mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris were called Marratu, “the bitter” or “salt”, the Merathaim of Jeremiah 50:21. They were the original home of the Kalda, or Chaldeans.

Districts

Babylonia was divided into the two districts of Accad in the north, and Summer (Sumer) (probably the Shinar of the Old Testament) in the south.

Cities

Among the Kingdom of Babylon’s cities were…

Babylon—the city (aka Babel / Babilu)
Cuthah (Kutha, Cuth, Cuthah, Gudua, Tell Ibrahim)
Ur (later called Mugheir or Mugayyar), on the western bank of the Euphrates
Uruk, or Erech (Genesis 10:10) (later called Warka), between Ur and Babylon
Larsa (later called Senkereh), the Ellasar of Genesis 14:1, a little to the east of Erech
Nipur (later called Niffer), southeast of Babylon
Sepharvaim (Sephar-vaim) (2 Kings 17:24), “the two Sipparas” (now Abu-Habba), considerably to the north of Babylon
Eridu, “the good city” (later called Abu-Shahrein), which originally lay on the shore of the Persian Gulf, but is now, owing to the silting up of the sand, about 100 miles distant from it.
Kulunu, or Calneh (Genesis 10:10).

Kings

TIGLATH-PILESER III—In 729 BC, Babylonia was conquered by the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III
Pul
SHALMANESER IV—on the death of Shalmaneser IV, it was seized by the Kalda or “Chaldean” prince Merodach-baladan (2 Kings 20:12-19)
MERODACH-BALADAN (aka Berodach-baladan)—held monarchy until 709 BC. He was driven out by Sargon. He was the son of Baladan.
SARGON and NARAM-SIN—The most famous of the early kings of Babylonia were Sargon of Accad (3800 BC) and his son, Naram-Sin, who conquered a large part of Western Asia, establishing their power in Canaan, and even carrying their arms to the Sinai peninsula.
- Who is Sargon?
A great Babylonian library was founded in the reign of Sargon.
ELAM and KHAMMU-RABI (AMRAPHEL)—Babylonia was subsequently again broken up into more than one state, and at one time fell under the domination of Elam. This was put an end to by Khammu-rabi (Amraphel), who drove the Elamites out of the country, and overcame Arioch, the son of an Elamite prince. From this time forward Babylonia was a united monarchy.

In the time of Khammu-rabi, Syria and Canaan were subject to Babylonia and its Elamite suzerain; and after the overthrow of the Elamite supremacy, the Babylonian kings continued to exercise their influence and power in what was called “the land of the Amorites.”
KASSITE DYNASTY—About 1750 BC it was conquered by the Kassi, or Kosseans, from the mountains of Elam, and a Kassite dynasty ruled over it for 576 years and 9 months.

In the epoch of the Kassite dynasty, Canaan passed into the hands of Egypt.
SENNACHERIB—Under Sennacherib, Babylonia revolted from Assyria several times, with the help of the Elamites, and after one of these revolts Babylon was destroyed by Sennacherib, 689 BC.
ESARHADDON—Babylon was rebuilt by Esarhaddon, who made it his residence during part of the year, and it was to Babylon that Manasseh was brought a prisoner (2 Chronicles 33:11). After the death of Esarhaddon, Saul-sumyukin, the governor of Babylonia, revolted against his brother the Assyrian king, and the revolt was suppressed with difficulty.
NABOPOLASSAR—When Nineveh was destroyed, 606 BC, Nabopolassar, the governor of Babylonia, who seems to have been of Chaldean descent, made himself independent. His son Nebuchadrezzar (Nabu-kudur-uzur), after defeating the Egyptians at Carchemish, succeeded him as king, 604 BC, and founded the Babylonian empire.
- What is Carchemish?
NEBUCHADREZZAR (Nabu-kudur-uzur)—He strongly fortified Babylon, and adorned it with palaces and other buildings.
EVIL-MERODACH—Nebuchadrezzar’s son, Evil-merodach, who succeeded him in 561 BC, was murdered after a reign of two years.
NABONIDUS (Nabu-nahid)—The last monarch of the Babylonian empire was Nabonidus (Nabu-nahid), 555-538 BC, whose eldest son, Belshazzar (Bilu-sar-uzur), is mentioned in several inscriptions. Babylon was captured by Cyrus, 538 BC, and though it revolted more than once in later years, it never succeeded in maintaining its independence.
BELSHAZZAR